Screening tests may save lives — so when is it time to stop?
Natural disasters strike everywhere: Ways to help protect your health
The case of the bad placebo
Do we feel pain more at night?
If you use cannabis, do it safely
Time for a diabetes tune-up
What are the chances that prostate cancer will return after surgery?
Who needs treatment for ocular hypertension?
Winter hiking: Magical or miserable?
When therapeutic touch isn’t healing
Diseases & Conditions
Life is an uphill battle for the veins in your legs. They spend much of their time working against gravity, carrying blood from your feet to your heart. But sometimes veins don’t work as they should. Valves inside them may weaken, allowing blood to trickle back toward your feet and pool inside the veins. Over time, superficial leg veins become twisted and engorged, bulging under the surface of the skin, a condition called varicose veins.
“Varicose veins are a common medical problem. They affect everybody — men, women, people of all ages,” says Dr. Sherry Scovell, a vascular and endovascular surgeon at Harvard-affiliated Massachusetts General Hospital.
While some people think of these ropey veins as a cosmetic problem, they often cause physical symptoms, such as pain, aching, and a feeling of heaviness in the legs, she says. Left untreated, they can lead to complications, such as leg swelling and skin discoloration, typically a darkened area inside the ankle or on the calf. Some people with varicose veins develop painful skin ulcers, which may be debilitating and difficult to treat, says Dr. Scovell. Addressing varicose veins early can prevent many of these complications from developing.
The first hint of abnormal leg vein function often comes in the form of spider veins, red or purplish star-burst-shaped clusters of blood vessels, which are visible below the surface of the skin. Spider veins are primarily considered a cosmetic problem, but may also be an early indicator that the larger veins inside the leg aren’t working as they should, says Dr. Scovell.
Varicose veins sometimes follow. They become more common as people age, but can also occur at younger ages depending on your genes. If there are varicose veins in your family, you may be more likely to experience vein problems yourself.
If you have bothersome varicose veins, treatment should begin with an ultrasound evaluation of all the veins in your leg, says Dr. Scovell.
The superficial veins in your legs, which are the ones that can turn into varicose veins, only carry about 10% of your blood back to the heart, Dr. Scovell explains. It’s the deeper veins in the leg, beneath the muscle, that do most of the work. They transport 90% of your overall blood volume. An ultrasound can determine whether these deep veins are operating properly.
“Having an ultrasound is the most important step. Your doctor really needs to see if those hidden veins are functioning,” says Dr. Scovell. Treatment for varicose veins might fall short if underlying problems aren’t addressed.
Following the ultrasound, your doctor may recommend one of several treatment options, based on such factors as how many affected veins you have, your activity level, and whether you’re taking a blood-thinning medication, says Dr. Scovell.
Even if you have a family history of varicose veins, they aren’t always inevitable, says Dr. Sherry Scovell, a vascular and endovascular surgeon at Harvard-affiliated Massachusetts General Hospital. Three simple strategies can help to prevent them.
1. Get moving. “Leading an active lifestyle is probably the most important thing that you can do for prevention,” says Dr. Scovell. Exercise, particularly walking, induces calf muscle contractions that keep blood flowing efficiently. “The calf muscles act like a heart for the veins,” she says. People sometimes believe that if they stand more and sit less, they can prevent vein problems. But that’s not true if you’re mostly standing still. “It’s better to move as much as possible,” says Dr. Scovell. Exercise also helps you maintain a healthy weight, which can keep varicose veins at bay.
2. Put your feet up. Give your legs a break by elevating your feet at the end of the day, and even during the middle of the day if you’ve got some spare time. This can relieve pressure on the veins to help keep them healthy.
3. Pull on compression stockings. These garments fit snugly on your legs, squeezing them slightly to help keep blood moving. People sometimes think they’re unfashionable and are reluctant to wear them. But today’s stockings don’t resemble old-fashioned versions, says Dr. Scovell. Compression stockings come in numerous styles, including calf-high tube socks, dress socks, and tall stockings that look like tights. “They make them in so many cool colors and patterns,” says Dr. Scovell. “They can be fashionable and still help your veins at the same time.” You can purchase over-the-counter compression stockings at a drugstore or get medical-grade options through your primary care doctor or a specialist.
In the past, veins were primarily treated using a surgical procedure known as ligation and stripping. Ligation is a surgical procedure to cut off blood flow to the faulty vein. Stripping, or vein removal, followed. “People came out of the procedure with a swollen leg and lots of bruising,” says Dr. Scovell.
The procedure is far less common today. Dr. Scovell says it’s been 12 years since she treated varicose veins in the operating room. Instead, she and many other doctors have switched to less invasive office procedures that leave little to no scarring. “Even the most anxious patients tolerate these procedures very well,” she says.
One of the oldest and most popular of these office procedures is called thermal ablation, says Dr. Scovell. It uses laser beams or high-frequency radio waves to heat the inside of the vein, damaging it and causing it to collapse.
“The only downside of this procedure is that you need numbing medication,” she says. Even so, it is still far less invasive than surgery — which requires general anesthesia — and has a quicker recovery time.
To perform the thermal ablation procedure, the doctor uses a technique called tumescent anesthesia, injecting a solution that contains the numbing agent lidocaine into the area around the vein. The solution not only numbs the surrounding tissues, but also protects them against heat damage, says Dr. Scovell. A catheter is then inserted into the vein to apply the heat, which causes the vein to collapse into a fibrous band that the body typically absorbs within a year, says Dr. Scovell.
Several increasingly popular office procedures use other methods to treat the veins. In one, the doctor uses a medical-grade glue to close the vein. In another, called foam sclerotherapy, the doctor injects medication into the vein to treat it. A third in-office procedure, called mechanical-chemical ablation, uses a liquid medication along with a rotating catheter to damage and eliminate the vein.
Not every vein center performs these newer procedures, says Dr. Scovell. “The thermal method of ablating veins is available almost everywhere,” she says.
After your varicose veins are gone, where does the blood they carried go? Your body simply shifts that blood flow into the deeper veins of the leg, which are able to accommodate the extra volume, says Dr. Scovell. However, you’ll need to wear compression stockings after surgery to help support those deep veins as they adjust to their increased workload. If you don’t, the veins may struggle under the burden, leading to complications.
After the healing process is complete, you’ll no longer need to wear the compression stockings, says Dr. Scovell. However, many people may want to continue doing so to prevent new varicose veins from forming.
“Because there is a genetic component involved, there is a chance that varicose veins will recur,” says Dr. Scovell. It’s important to monitor your legs and to act early if you notice a problem so it can be addressed, she says.
Because varicose veins are a medical problem, treatment is typically covered by insurance. So, don’t hesitate to get help, says Dr. Scovell.
“Varicose veins are very easy to treat. You don’t have to suffer,” she says.
Image: © Marina113/Getty Images
Kelly Bilodeau, Former Executive Editor, Harvard Women's Health Watch
As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles.
No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.
Diseases & Conditions
Diseases & Conditions
Diseases & Conditions
You might also be interested in…
New information on treatments for both medical skin conditions and cosmetic problems is available in the Special Health Report Skin Care and Repair. This report describes scientifically approved treatments for common medical conditions from acne to rosacea, as well as the newest cosmetic procedures for lines, wrinkles, age spots, and other problems. An explanation of the ingredients in popular skin lotions and cosmeceuticals is also included.
Get the latest in health news delivered to your inbox!
© 2023 by The President and Fellows of Harvard College
Do not sell my personal information | Privacy Policy
Thanks for visiting. Don’t miss your FREE gift.
The Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness, is yours absolutely FREE when you sign up to receive Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School
Sign up to get tips for living a healthy lifestyle, with ways to fight inflammation and improve cognitive health, plus the latest advances in preventative medicine, diet and exercise, pain relief, blood pressure and cholesterol management, and more.
Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School
Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight loss…from exercises to build a stronger core to advice on treating cataracts. PLUS, the latest news on medical advances and breakthroughs from Harvard Medical School experts.
BONUS! Sign up now and
get a FREE copy of the
Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness
Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School.
Plus, get a FREE copy of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness.
